[147], Pope Pius V (reigned 1566–1572), is often credited with having originated the custom whereby the pope wears white, by continuing after his election to wear the white habit of the Dominican order.

Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote.

Prior to the election of the Polish cardinal Karol Wojtyla as Pope John Paul II in 1978, the last non-Italian was Pope Adrian VI of the Netherlands, elected in 1522.

[181] In Western Christianity these objections both contributed to and are products of the Protestant Reformation. It was in relation to the latter that, in November 2008, the United States Court of Appeals in Cincinnati decided that a case over sexual abuse by Catholic priests could proceed, provided the plaintiffs could prove that the bishops accused of negligent supervision were acting as employees or agents of the Holy See and were following official Holy See policy.

[106][107][108][109][110], The title "pope" was from the early 3rd century an honorific designation used for any bishop in the West.

[citation needed], For centuries, from 1378 on, those elected to the papacy were predominantly Italians.

He had his right lung removed in his youth due to an infection, but he appears to be in good health even at the ripe age of almost 80. XVI" (Pope Benedict XVI), except in bulls of canonization and decrees of ecumenical councils, which a pope signs with the formula, "Ego N. Episcopus Ecclesiae catholicae", without the numeral, as in "Ego Benedictus Episcopus Ecclesiae catholicae" (I, Benedict, Bishop of the Catholic Church). [21] From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century,[21] when Gregory VII declared it reserved for the bishop of Rome. In the early centuries of Christianity, this title was applied, especially in the east, to all bishops[21] and other senior clergy, and later became reserved in the west to the bishop of Rome, a reservation made official only in the 11th century. [11] Still, the pope is considered one of the world's most powerful people because of his extensive diplomatic, cultural, and spiritual influence on 1.3 billion Catholics and beyond,[17][18][19] and because he heads the world's largest non-government provider of education and health care,[20] with a vast network of charities. [43], It seems that at first the terms "episcopos" and "presbyter" were used interchangeably. Some new religious movements within Christianity, especially those that have disassociated themselves from the Catholic Church yet retain a Catholic hierarchical framework, have used the designation "pope" for a founder or current leader. [49] However, there are only a few other references of that time to recognition of the authoritative primacy of the Roman See outside of Rome. Even Catholics do not all agree whether certain historical figures were popes or antipopes. Bishops, teaching in communion with the Roman Pontiff, are to be respected by all as witnesses to divine and Catholic truth.

Pope Paul III initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), whose definitions of doctrine and whose reforms sealed the triumph of the papacy over elements in the church that sought conciliation with Protestants and opposed papal claims. This table was last …

Before the 21st century, only five popes unambiguously resigned with historical certainty, all between the 10th and 15th centuries. In the early centuries of Christianity, this title was applied, especially in the east, to all bishops and other senior clergy, and later became reserved in the west to the bishop of Rome, a reservation made official only in the 11th century.

Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires, Watching Soccer and Tango Dance, Reading and Listening to Music, • Some conservatives have drawn flak to his "simultaneously combative" and "charming" administrative style which they assert the pontiff has "wielded" against conservative opponents.

From an ancient senatorial family, Gregory worked with the stern judgement and discipline typical of ancient Roman rule. The concept that a monetary fine or donation accompanied contrition, confession, and prayer eventually gave way to the common assumption that indulgences depended on a simple monetary contribution. [184], Published every year by the Roman Curia, the Annuario Pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes, stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession, in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII, Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th-century popes. He is not recognized as a valid pope, but was added to the lists of popes in the 15th century as Stephen II, causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named Stephen. It's customary when referring to popes to translate the regnal name into all local languages.

The pope's claim to authority is either disputed or not recognised at all by other churches.

This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year sede vacante following the death of Pope Clement IV in 1268. Consequently, Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. [citation needed], Papal bulls are headed N. Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei ("Name, Bishop, Servant of the Servants of God").
Briefly in the 15th century, three separate lines of popes claimed authenticity (see Papal Schism). [71][72][73][74], Popes instituted a Catholic Reformation[11] (1560–1648), which addressed the challenges of the Protestant Reformation and instituted internal reforms. The Edict of Milan in 313 granted freedom to all religions in the Roman Empire,[51] beginning the Peace of the Church.

[citation needed], The Latin term, sede vacante ("while the see is vacant"),[95] refers to a papal interregnum, the period between the death or resignation of a pope and the election of his successor. [11], From 1309 to 1377, the pope resided not in Rome but in Avignon. Although the tiara was omitted in the pope's personal coat of arms, the coat of arms of the Holy See, which includes the tiara, remained unaltered. In 1207, Innocent III placed England under interdict until King John made his kingdom a fiefdom to the Pope, complete with yearly tribute, saying, "we offer and freely yield...to our lord Pope Innocent III and his catholic successors, the whole kingdom of England and the whole kingdom of Ireland with all their rights and appurtenences for the remission of our sins". [5] The primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, giving him the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the church would be built. They also cite the importance accorded to the Bishops of Rome in the ecumenical councils, including the early ones. : Not Known.

Beneath the shield he added the pallium, a papal symbol of authority more ancient than the tiara, the use of which is also granted to metropolitan archbishops as a sign of communion with the See of Rome. Later books of ceremonies describe the pope as wearing a red mantle, mozzetta, camauro and shoes, and a white cassock and stockings. [citation needed], The dean of the College of Cardinals then asks two solemn questions of the man who has been elected. Pág. Several of these churches refer to such claims as ultramontanism. [153], If anyone thus speaks, that the Roman pontiff has only the office of inspection or direction, but not the full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the universal Church, not only in things which pertain to faith and morals, but also in those which pertain to the discipline and government of the Church spread over the whole world; or, that he possesses only the more important parts, but not the whole plenitude of this supreme power; or that this power of his is not ordinary and immediate, or over the churches altogether and individually, and over the pastors and the faithful altogether and individually: let him be anathema.
[124][125] The Latin word was translated into ancient Greek variously: as Ancient Greek: ἱεροδιδάσκαλος, Ancient Greek: ἱερονόμος, Ancient Greek: ἱεροφύλαξ, Ancient Greek: ἱεροφάντης (hierophant),[126] or Ancient Greek: ἀρχιερεύς (archiereus, high priest)[127][128] The head of the college was known as the Pontifex Maximus (the greatest pontiff). The pope derives his pontificate from being bishop of Rome but is not required to live there; according to the Latin formula ubi Papa, ibi Curia, wherever the pope resides is the central government of the Church, provided that the pope is Bishop of Rome. [64] In 1095, the Byzantine emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, asked for military aid from Pope Urban II in the ongoing Byzantine–Seljuq wars. [citation needed], In Eastern Christianity, where the title "pope" is used also of the bishop of Alexandria, the bishop of Rome is often referred to as the "pope of Rome", regardless of whether the speaker or writer is in communion with Rome or not. A nine-day period of mourning (novendialis) follows the interment.

Currently, Pope holds the citizenship of three countries; Argentina, Italy and Vatican City.

before the ordinal numeral, as in "Benedictus PP. In 325, the First Council of Nicaea condemned Arianism, declaring trinitarianism dogmatic, and in its sixth canon recognized the special role of the Sees of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. Popes adopt a new name on their accession, known as papal name, in Italian and Latin. The word pope derives from Greek πάππας (páppas), meaning 'father'. [101], The body lies in state for several days before being interred in the crypt of a leading church or cathedral; all popes who have died in the 20th and 21st centuries have been interred in St. Peter's Basilica. The bull Laudabiliter in 1155 authorized King Henry II of England to invade Ireland. [98] This was not done on the deaths of popes John Paul I[99] and John Paul II. The pope (Latin: papa from Greek: πάππας pappas,[2] "father"),[3] also known as the supreme pontiff (Pontifex Maximus), or the Roman pontiff (Romanus Pontifex), is the bishop of Rome, chief pastor of the worldwide Catholic Church,[4] and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State.


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