English is used as the lingua franca among the middle and upper classes and in higher education. South Asia, subregion of Asia, consisting of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and peninsular India. The South Asian peninsula, which extends south into the Indian Ocean, is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. Diffusion of new ideas, products, or methods can be slow. The Indus River flows roughly northeast/southwest along the eastern side of Pakistan, flowing into the Arabian Sea. English is widely used as a lingua franca. The Indian subcontinent has a long history of human occupation, and is an area where cities independently developed and civilization emerged. The northern variety of Buddhism is associated with the Vajrayana Buddhist tradition and is often called Tibetan Buddhism. This would decrease the food supply of a growing population. Source: Photo courtesy of UK Department for International Development, http://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/5331065350. The lowest level in the Hindu caste system. Sri Lanka’s majority Buddhist population is Sinhalese and is based in the southwest, controlling most of the island. The Deccan Plateau lies between the Eastern and Western Ghats. For example, less than one-fifth of India's original forests remain. Meanwhile, the Federal Budget is just round the kerb and the Ministry of Finance and FBR must devise a strategy to promote documentation and business between filers, by raising the burden of taxation on the no filers of income tax returns. The great river systems that bring alluvial soil down from the mountains help enrich the land. The monsoon is changing, though. It is formed by three great river systems: the Indus, the Ganges, and the Brahmaputra. India is considered the world’s largest democracy. South Asia is coming under an increased burden of population growth. Source: Map courtesy of CIA World Factbook. Portugal controlled the Maldives from 1558 during their colonial expansion into Asia. It is the ability of self convincing the lies are the truth. The East India Company was a base of British operations in South Asia and evolved to become the administrative government of the region by 1857. An entire development zone is restricted to nothing but monasteries and temples. Bangladeshis suffer because of widespread water pollution from naturally occurring arsenic that contaminates water wells. This diaspora of people from the Punjab provided cultural and business ties with Pakistan. Climate patterns, for example, are more diverse in the north, with a wide range of temperatures throughout the seasons. The Karakoram Mountains are located in northern Pakistan and Kashmir. Heavy rains fall, especially in the southwestern and Ganges Delta portions of South Asia. In Hindu culture, there are also restraints and observances for how you interact with other people depending on their status. The thirty-five-year-old Benazir Bhutto was the first female prime minister of Pakistan. Source: Updated from map courtesy of CIA World Factbook. Earlier sections have introduced the issues of population growth and resource depletion in South Asia. Everest in the Himalayas of Northern Nepal. Communist China is an emerging economic power and has used Tibet as a buffer state with its rival, India. Source: Photo courtesy of Avinash Singh, http://www.flickr.com/photos/8077290@N03/4034690728. Understand the basic structure and concepts of Hinduism, including the caste system. Today Kashmir is divided, with Pakistan controlling the northern region, India controlling the southern region, and China controlling a portion of the eastern region. What other countries or groups have caste-type levels? The already enormous populations of South Asia continue to increase, challenging the economic systems and depleting natural resources at an unsustainable rate. Large industrial cities such as Bangalore and Hyderabad have established themselves as high-tech production centers, attracting international business in the computer industry and the information sector. The islands (shown at right) are the low-lying tops of submerged volcanoes, surrounded by coral reefs and shallow lagoons. Figure 9.20 The Highlands of the Northern Areas in Pakistan. In the Dravidian-dominated south, the main lingua franca is English. How did religion play a role in establishing the realms’ borders? India is a complex societal mix of many ethnic groups, languages, and traditions. The government has stepped up law enforcement efforts to combat poaching, which is a major cause of the decrease in numbers of rare species. The northern plains of South Asia, which extend through the Ganges River valley over to the Indus River valley of present-day Pakistan, were fertile grounds for a number of empires that controlled the region throughout history. The net effect of all these factors is that a majority of Pakistan’s population lacks safe drinking water. Traditionally, family size was large. Figure 9.19 Man Firing AK-47 in the North West Frontier of Pakistan. The desert zone covers much of the lower Indus Valley, in the borderlands of western India and southern Pakistan. Tata Motors manufactures midsized and larger automobiles, too. There are two main political entities: the large northern section bordering Afghanistan is called Gilgit-Baltistan, and the narrow section near Islamabad is called Azad Kashmir (Azad Jammu and Kashmir). India has a Hindu majority. Arithmetic density is fairly easy to calculate. One in four people die while attempting to summit. The religion is found mainly in India, and it has the third-highest number of believers of religions in the world. The average elevation—four feet, eleven inches above sea level—is the lowest in the world for any country. Bhutan is about half the size in physical area of the US state of Kentucky and has fewer than one million people. Hinduism is an extremely diverse religion, making it extremely difficult to define set doctrines that are accepted by all denominations. Yoga is often used as a practice or path for following the traditions. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/txu-oclc-247232986-asia_pol_2008.jpg, http://www.flickr.com/photos/shicks/2515990913, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asie.svg, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html, http://www.flickr.com/photos/foxypar4/415375182, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/kashmir_disputed_2002.jpg, http://www.flickr.com/photos/8077290@N03/4034690728, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nepal_landscape_1.jpg, http://www.flickr.com/photos/talliskeeton/4213332192, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PAK_AU_T1.svg, http://www.flickr.com/photos/o_0/10070267, http://www.flickr.com/photos/kashiff/2592800506, http://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/5331065350, http://www.flickr.com/photos/hendry/73370895, http://www.flickr.com/photos/urnes/2663083945, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benazir_bhutto_1988.jpg, http://www.flickr.com/photos/soldiersmediacenter/4878605031, http://www.flickr.com/photos/bensutherland/2050055462, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rice_Field.jpg, http://www.gdrc.org/icm/grameen-supportgrp.html, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/india_lang_1973.jpg, http://www.flickr.com/photos/ananth/136310496, http://www.flickr.com/photos/ajay_g/1516457856, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Tata_Nano_im_Verkehrszentrum _des_Deutschen _Museums.JPG, http://www.flickr.com/photos/siddylam/4075338722, http://www.flickr.com/photos/particlem/2466310898, http://www.flickr.com/photos/rivo/125806388, http://www.flickr.com/photos/rupertuk/534644162, http://www.flickr.com/photos/manbartlett/3731927920, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_delhi_temple.jpg. Not everyone in South Asia supported the partition plan. Why does Pakistan have a forward capital? India’s interior is mainly composed of villages. In developed countries, commercial agriculture and technological innovations have allowed relatively few people to be farmers and agricultural densities are generally low. What are the three major rivers of South Asia? This action shifts moisture-laden clouds over the land, where the water is precipitated out in the form of rain. Figure 9.9 Bhutan’s Famous Taktshang Buddhist Monastery, Commonly Known as the Tiger’s Nest. What does the future hold for South Asia? The Himalayas are part of South Asia, a region that includes seven countries—India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. The lower elevations, which include the lush foothills and valleys of Nepal, Bhutan, and northern India, are much warmer. Tribal Areas border Afghanistan and are controlled by local leaders. Silt deposits formed by changing river channels along the Indus River in Pakistan. United States; Africa; Europe; South America; States and Capitals. What is the main precipitation pattern that accompanies the monsoon? The south has been portrayed as more relaxed and less insistent. Sikhism was founded by Guru Nanak Dev (1469–1538). The winner of the presidential elections that followed was none other than Benazir Bhutto’s husband, Asif Ali Zardari. The central government has exerted strict control over private sector economic development, foreign trade, and foreign investment. For Pakistan, three areas of structural reforms need urgent attention for managing an extraordinary transition. The center of the Sikh religion is found in the Golden Temple, in the city of Amritsar, in the Punjab. The monsoon refers to seasonal shifts in wind that result in changes in precipitation. Islam became a powerful force in South Asia upon its diffusion to the subcontinent. Only about two hundred islands in the Maldives are inhabited. The Meghna is a deep river that can reach depths of almost two thousand feet with an average depth of more than one thousand feet. Pashupatinath Temple, the world’s most significant Shiva worship site, is located in the capital city of Kathmandu. Why did its name change? Water pollution along the Ganges is severe and affects the largest concentration of people in India. Communist partisans from China have been active in insurgent activities. The Punjab region of Pakistan and India is the homeland of the Sikhs, people who follow a religion that is different from Islam or Hinduism. India is the only place left with Asian Lions in the wild. Approximately one-fourth of the people living in India live in poverty; the World Bank classifies India as a low-income economy. Sikhism is a monotheistic religion centered on justice and faith.

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